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Physicists working at a laser-fusion facility in the US have announced a world first – the generation of more energy from a controlled nuclear fusion reaction than was needed to power the reaction. They achieved this using the $3.5bn National Ignition Facility (NIF) – a football-stadium sized system of lasers based at the at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California. The laser shot, performed on 5 December, released 3.15 million joules (MJ) of energy from a tiny pellet containing two hydrogen isotopes – compared to the 2.05 MJ that those lasers delivered to the target.

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), internal designation HT-7U (Hefei Tokamak 7 Upgrade), is an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, China. The Hefei Institutes of Physical Science is conducting the experiment for the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It has operated since 2006.

It is the first tokamak to employ superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets. It aims for plasma pulses of up to 1,000 seconds.

Since China is a member of the international ITER project, it is hoped that EAST will provide new impetus for its further development.

JET was built with the hope of reaching scientific breakeven where the fusion energy gain factor Q =1.0.[1] It began operation in 1983 and spent most of the next decade increasing its performance in a lengthy series of experiments and upgrades. In 1991 the first experiments including tritium were made, making JET the first reactor in the world to run on the production fuel of a 50–50 mix of tritium and deuterium. It was also decided to add a divertor design to JET, which occurred between 1991 and 1993. Performance was significantly improved, and in 1997 JET set the record for the closest approach to scientific breakeven, reaching Q = 0.67 in 1997, producing 16 MW of fusion power while injecting 24 MW of thermal power to heat the fuel.[2]

Between 2009 and 2011, JET was shut down to rebuild many of its parts, to adopt concepts being used in the development of the ITER project in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, in Provence, southern France.[3] In December 2020, a JET upgrade commenced using tritium, as part of its contribution to ITER.[4] On 21 December 2021, using deuterium-tritium fuel, JET produced 59 megajoules during a five second pulse, beating its previous 1997 record of 21.7 megajoules, with Q = 0.33.[5]

OlliS kirjoitti: ↑14 Joulu 2022, 23:44 Tietääkö joku, miten tämä nyt etenee käyttövaiheeseen, voimaloihin?

Etelä-Ranskaan on rakenteilla maailman suurin fuusioreaktori. Sen avulla on tarkoitus osoittaa, että ydinfuusio – sama prosessi, josta Auringon energia on peräisin – soveltuu sähköntuotantoon maan päällä. Jättimäinen ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) -hanke voi onnistuessaan mullistaa koko maailman energiantuotannon.

ITER on 35 valtion yhteishanke, jonka kustannukset nousevat näillä näkymin ainakin 20 miljardiin euroon.

Hanke alkoi vuonna 2006. Ensimmäisiä kokeita päästään tekemään 2025, ja reaktorin täyden toiminnan on määrä käynnistyä 2035.

Reaktorin kokoonpano aloitettiin

2001

• Building construction for the immense 192-beam 500-terawatt NIF project is completed and construction of laser beam-lines and target bay diagnostics commences, expecting to take its first full system shot in 2010.

• Negotiations on the Joint Implementation of ITER begin between Canada, countries represented by the European Union, Japan and Russia.

Lyde19 kirjoitti: ↑15 Joulu 2022, 18:39 Kun sähkömyyjä soittaa niin kannattaa kysyä että onko teillä sitä puhdasta fuusiosähköä.